Tirzepatide
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Research Data
Glycemic Control vs Semaglutide
SURPASS-2 — HbA1c reduction by dose vs semaglutide 1 mg (40 weeks)
Literature
Cellular Ratio
Dose-Dependent Weight Reduction
SURMOUNT-1 — mean % body-weight change at 72 weeks
Activity Profile
Research Application Profile
Mechanism
Cellular Pathway
01
Dual Incretin Agonism
Tirzepatide activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors — the first dual incretin agonist — combining two complementary glucose- and appetite-regulating pathways in one molecule.
02
GLP-1 Pathway
GLP-1 receptor activation enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety.
03
GIP Pathway
GIP receptor agonism augments insulin response and is implicated in improved lipid handling and additive effects on energy balance.
04
Dose-Dependent Efficacy
In SURMOUNT-1, weight reduction rose with dose — −15.0%, −19.5%, −20.9% at 5/10/15 mg — the deepest pharmacologic weight loss reported in a phase-3 obesity trial to date.
Metabolic Network
Biosynthesis Map
Research Focus
Participants Achieving ≥20% Weight Loss
SURMOUNT-1 — % reaching ≥20% body-weight reduction at 72 weeks
Product Data
Compound Identity
| Product Name | Tirzepatide |
| Functional Class | Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist |
| Form | Lyophilized powder |
| Purity | ≥99% |
| Content | 5mg |
| Count | 1 vial |
| Research Use | For Research Use Only. Not for human consumption, medical, veterinary, or household use. |
Specifications
Technical Specs
| CAS Number | 2023788-19-2 |
| Molecular Weight | 4813.53 g/mol |
| Molecular Formula | C225H348N48O68 |
| PubChem CID | 156588324 |
| Appearance | White lyophilized powder |
| Storage | Store at 2–8°C; −20°C for long-term |
Formulation Reference
Anatomy of a Peptide
A reference guide to the components of a lyophilized research peptide — from the active sequence to the excipients, solvents, buffers, and stabilizers used in formulation.
Active Peptide 2 items
Synthetic Amino Acid Sequence
The primary chain of amino acids synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Defined by sequence length and molecular weight.
Peptide Modifications
Acetylation (N-terminus), amidation (C-terminus), PEGylation, or cyclization applied to improve stability, receptor binding, or half-life.
Excipients 4 items
Mannitol
Sugar alcohol bulking agent that forms an elegant lyophilized cake, aids reconstitution, and provides structural matrix during freeze-drying.
Trehalose
Non-reducing disaccharide that stabilizes peptide secondary structure by replacing water molecules through hydrogen bonding during dehydration.
Sucrose
Disaccharide used as a lyoprotectant and tonicity agent. Forms an amorphous glassy matrix that immobilizes the peptide and prevents aggregation.
Glycine
Amino acid bulking agent used in lyophilization. Crystallizes to provide mechanical strength to the freeze-dried cake structure.
Reconstitution Solvents 4 items
Bacteriostatic Water (BAC Water)
Sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative. Preferred for multi-dose vials — inhibits microbial growth after initial puncture.
Sterile Water for Injection
USP-grade water, pyrogen-free, without preservatives. Used for single-dose preparations or when benzyl alcohol sensitivity is a concern.
Acetic Acid Solution (0.1–1%)
Dilute acid used for peptides with poor aqueous solubility at neutral pH. Protonates basic residues to improve dissolution.
Sodium Chloride 0.9%
Isotonic saline diluent. Provides physiological osmolality (~308 mOsm/L) and can improve stability of certain charged peptides.
Buffer Systems 4 items
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)
Maintains pH 7.2–7.4. Composed of sodium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate monobasic, NaCl, and KCl. Mimics physiological ionic strength.
Acetate Buffer
Effective pH range 3.7–5.6. Composed of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Ideal for acidic peptides and those requiring lower pH for solubility.
Citrate Buffer
Effective pH range 3.0–6.2. Offers strong buffering capacity and metal-chelating properties. Used when oxidation-sensitive residues (Met, Cys) are present.
Histidine Buffer
Effective pH range 5.5–7.0. Low ionic strength, minimal interaction with peptides. Increasingly preferred in modern biopharmaceutical formulations.
Lyoprotectants & Cryoprotectants 3 items
Trehalose / Sucrose (Lyoprotectant)
Protect peptide conformation during the drying phase of lyophilization by forming hydrogen bonds that substitute for water molecules around the peptide.
Glycerol (Cryoprotectant)
Polyol that depresses the freezing point and reduces ice crystal formation, preventing mechanical damage to peptide structure during freezing steps.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
Hydrophilic polymer that provides steric stabilization, reduces aggregation, and can serve as both cryoprotectant and solubility enhancer.
Preservatives & Antimicrobials 3 items
Benzyl Alcohol (0.9%)
Aromatic alcohol preservative in bacteriostatic water. Acts as antimicrobial agent by disrupting microbial cell membranes. Standard for multi-use vials.
Methyl / Propyl Parabens
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservatives effective against fungi and bacteria. Used in some peptide formulations where benzyl alcohol is incompatible.
Phenol (0.5%)
Bacteriostatic preservative used in certain injectable peptide formulations. Also acts as a conformational stabilizer for some peptide structures.
Counter Ions & Salt Forms 3 items
Trifluoroacetate (TFA)
Most common counter ion from RP-HPLC purification. Forms TFA salt with basic residues (Lys, Arg, His). May affect bioassay results and cell toxicity.
Acetate
Milder alternative to TFA obtained via ion exchange. Lower cytotoxicity, preferred for cell-based research assays and in vivo studies.
Hydrochloride (HCl)
Chloride salt form, sometimes used for improved stability or specific solubility profiles. Common in pharmaceutical-grade peptide preparations.
Chelating Agents 2 items
EDTA (Disodium)
Chelates divalent metal ions (Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Zn²⁺) that catalyze oxidative degradation of methionine and cysteine residues in peptides.
Citric Acid
Natural chelator with moderate metal-binding capacity. Dual function as buffer component and oxidation inhibitor in peptide formulations.
Antioxidants & Stabilizers 3 items
L-Methionine
Free methionine added as a sacrificial antioxidant. Preferentially oxidizes before methionine residues within the peptide chain.
Ascorbic Acid
Water-soluble antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species. Used at low concentrations to prevent oxidative peptide degradation.
Polysorbate 20 / 80
Non-ionic surfactants that prevent surface adsorption and aggregation of peptides at air-liquid and container-liquid interfaces.
Preparation Tool
Reconstitution Calculator
Enter your target working concentration to calculate the exact solvent volume needed for this vial.
mg
Solvent Volume Required
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Recommended solvents
Bacteriostatic Water
Sterile Water for Injection
Acetic Acid 0.1%
Sodium Chloride 0.9%
Product Specs
Solubility Profile
| Water | Highly soluble |
| Acidified Water | Highly soluble |
| DMSO | Highly soluble |
| Ethanol | Moderate |
| Lipid solvents | Poor compatibility |
Product Specs
Storage Specs
| Lyophilized | 2–8°C preferred |
| Long-term | −20°C recommended |
| Light Sensitivity | Moderate |
| Moisture | High sensitivity |
| Stability | Stable when dry |
| Container | Sterile sealed vial |
Literature
Research Citations
Catalogue Pathway
Related Systems
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Important Notice
Research Use Only
AminoBox products are supplied for research, analytical, and laboratory use only. Product information is provided for educational and technical reference and does not constitute medical advice. Products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
About This Data
Chart Explanation
What this chart is about
Research context
Research Outcome